FAQ

Yes. We provide customers with OEM/ODM solutions. The OEM minimum order quantity is 10,000 pieces.

We pack by United Nations regulations, and we can also provide special packaging according to customer requirements.

We have ISO9001, CB, CE, UL, BIS, UN38.3, KC, PSE.

We provide batteries with a power not exceeding 10WH as free samples.

120,000-150,000 pieces per day, each product has a different production capacity, you can discuss detailed information according to email.

About 35 days. The specific time can be coordinated by email.

Two weeks (14 days).

We generally accept 30% advance payment as a deposit and 70% before the delivery as the final payment. Other methods can be negotiated.

We provide: FOB and CIF.

We accept payment via TT.

We have transported goods to Northern Europe, Western Europe, North America, Middle East, Asia, Africa, and other places.

Batteries are a kind of energy conversion and storage devices that convert chemical or physical energy into electrical energy through reactions. According to the different energy conversion of the battery, the battery can be divided into a chemical battery and a biological battery. A chemical battery or chemical power source is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises two electrochemically active electrodes with different components, respectively, composed of positive and negative electrodes. A chemical substance that can provide media conduction is used as an electrolyte. When connected to an external carrier, it delivers electrical energy by converting its internal chemical energy. A physical battery is a device that converts physical energy into electrical energy.

The main difference is that the active material is different. The active material of the secondary battery is reversible, while the active material of the primary battery is not. The self-discharge of the primary battery is much smaller than that of the secondary battery. Still, the internal resistance is much larger than that of the secondary battery, so the load capacity is lower. In addition, the mass-specific capacity and volume-specific capacity of the primary battery are more significant than those of available rechargeable batteries.

Ni-MH batteries use Ni oxide as the positive electrode, hydrogen storage metal as the negative electrode, and lye (mainly KOH) as the electrolyte. When the nickel-hydrogen battery is charged: Positive electrode reaction: Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O–e- Adverse electrode reaction: M+H2O +e-→ MH+ OH- When the Ni-MH battery is discharged: Positive electrode reaction: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH- Negative electrode reaction: MH+ OH- →M+H2O +e-

The main component of the positive electrode of the lithium-ion battery is LiCoO2, and the negative electrode is mainly C. When charging, Positive electrode reaction: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe- Negative reaction: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix Total battery reaction: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix The reverse reaction of the above reaction occurs during discharge.

Commonly used IEC standards for batteries: The standard for nickel-metal hydride batteries is IEC61951-2: 2003; the lithium-ion battery industry generally follows UL or national standards. Commonly used national standards for batteries: The standards for nickel-metal hydride batteries are GB/T15100_1994, GB/T18288_2000; the standards for lithium batteries are GB/T10077_1998, YD/T998_1999, and GB/T18287_2000. In addition, the commonly used standards for batteries also include the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS C on batteries. IEC, the International Electrical Commission (International Electrical Commission), is a worldwide standardization organization composed of electrical committees of various countries. Its purpose is to promote the standardization of the world's electrical and electronic fields. IEC standards are standards formulated by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

The main components of nickel-metal hydride batteries are positive electrode sheet (nickel oxide), negative electrode sheet (hydrogen storage alloy), electrolyte (mainly KOH), diaphragm paper, sealing ring, positive electrode cap, battery case, etc.

The main components of lithium-ion batteries are upper and lower battery covers, positive electrode sheet (active material is lithium cobalt oxide), separator (a special composite membrane), a negative electrode (active material is carbon), organic electrolyte, battery case (divided into two kinds of steel shell and aluminum shell) and so on.

It refers to the resistance experienced by the current flowing through the battery when the battery is working. It is composed of ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance. The significant internal resistance of the battery will reduce the battery discharge working voltage and shorten the discharge time. The internal resistance is mainly affected by the battery material, manufacturing process, battery structure, and other factors. It is an important parameter to measure battery performance. Note: Generally, the internal resistance in the charged state is the standard. To calculate the battery's internal resistance, it should use a special internal resistance meter instead of a multimeter in the ohm range.

The nominal voltage of the battery refers to the voltage exhibited during regular operation. The nominal voltage of the secondary nickel-cadmium nickel-hydrogen battery is 1.2V; the nominal voltage of the secondary lithium battery is 3.6V.

Open circuit voltage refers to the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery when the battery is non-working, that is, when there is no current flowing through the circuit. Working voltage, also known as terminal voltage, refers to the potential difference between the positive and negative poles of the battery when the battery is working, that is, when there is overcurrent in the circuit.

The capacity of the battery is divided into the rated power and the actual ability. The battery's rated capacity refers to the stipulation or guarantees that the battery should discharge the minimum amount of electricity under certain discharge conditions during the design and manufacture of the storm. The IEC standard stipulates that nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries are charged at 0.1C for 16 hours and discharged at 0.2C to 1.0V at a temperature of 20°C±5°C. The battery's rated capacity is expressed as C5. Lithium-ion batteries are stipulated to charge for 3 hours under average temperature, constant current (1C)-constant voltage (4.2V) control demanding conditions, and then discharge at 0.2C to 2.75V when the discharged electricity is rated capacity. The battery's actual capacity refers to the real power released by the storm under certain discharge conditions, which is mainly affected by the discharge rate and temperature (so strictly speaking, the battery capacity should specify the charge and discharge conditions). The unit of battery capacity is Ah, mAh (1Ah=1000mAh).

When the rechargeable battery is discharged with a large current (such as 1C or above), due to the "bottleneck effect" existing in the internal diffusion rate of the current overcurrent, the battery has reached the terminal voltage when the capacity is not fully discharged, and then uses a small current such as 0.2C can continue to remove, until 1.0V/piece (nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen battery) and 3.0V/piece (lithium battery), the released capacity is called residual capacity.

The discharge platform of Ni-MH rechargeable batteries usually refers to the voltage range in which the battery's working voltage is relatively stable when discharged under a specific discharge system. Its value is related to the discharge current. The larger the current, the lower the weight. The discharge platform of lithium-ion batteries is generally to stop charging when the voltage is 4.2V, and the present is less than 0.01C at a constant voltage, then leave it for 10 minutes, and discharge to 3.6V at any rate of discharge current. It is a necessary standard to measure the quality of batteries.

According to the IEC standard, the mark of Ni-MH battery consists of 5 parts. 01) Battery type: HF and HR indicate nickel-metal hydride batteries 02) Battery size information: including the diameter and height of the round battery, the height, width, and thickness of the square battery, and the values are separated by a slash, unit: mm 03) Discharge characteristic symbol: L means that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5C M indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5-3.5C H indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 3.5-7.0C X indicates that the battery can work at a high rate discharge current of 7C-15C. 04) High-temperature battery symbol: represented by T 05) Battery connection piece: CF represents no connection piece, HH represents the connection piece for battery pull-type series connection, and HB represents the connection piece for side-by-side series connection of battery belts. For example, HF18/07/49 represents a square nickel-metal hydride battery with a width of 18mm, 7mm, and a height of 49mm. KRMT33/62HH represents nickel-cadmium battery; the discharge rate is between 0.5C-3.5, high-temperature series single battery (without connecting piece), diameter 33mm, height 62mm. According to the IEC61960 standard, the identification of the secondary lithium battery is as follows: 01) The battery logo composition: 3 letters, followed by five numbers (cylindrical) or 6 (square) numbers. 02) The first letter: indicates the harmful electrode material of the battery. I—represents lithium-ion with built-in battery; L—represents lithium metal electrode or lithium alloy electrode. 03) The second letter: indicates the cathode material of the battery. C—cobalt-based electrode; N—nickel-based electrode; M—manganese-based electrode; V—vanadium-based electrode. 04) The third letter: indicates the shape of the battery. R-represents cylindrical battery; L-represents square battery. 05) Numbers: Cylindrical battery: 5 numbers respectively indicate the diameter and height of the storm. The unit of diameter is a millimeter, and the size is a tenth of a millimeter. When any diameter or height is greater than or equal to 100mm, it should add a diagonal line between the two sizes. Square battery: 6 numbers indicate the thickness, width, and height of the storm in millimeters. When any of the three dimensions is greater than or equal to 100mm, it should add a slash between the dimensions; if any of the three dimensions is less than 1mm, the letter "t" is added in front of this dimension, and the unit of this dimension is one-tenth of a millimeter. For example, ICR18650 represents a cylindrical secondary lithium-ion battery; the cathode material is cobalt, its diameter is about 18mm, and its height is about 65mm. ICR20/1050. ICP083448 represents a square secondary lithium-ion battery; the cathode material is cobalt, its thickness is about 8mm, the width is about 34mm, and the height is about 48mm. ICP08/34/150 represents a square secondary lithium-ion battery; the cathode material is cobalt, its thickness is about 8mm, the width is about 34mm, and the height is about 150mm. ICPt73448 represents a square secondary lithium-ion battery; the cathode material is cobalt, its thickness is about 0.7mm, the width is about 34mm, and the height is about 48mm.

01) Non-dry meson (paper) such as fiber paper, double-sided tape 02) PVC film, trademark tube 03) Connecting sheet: stainless steel sheet, pure nickel sheet, nickel-plated steel sheet 04) Lead-out piece: stainless steel piece (easy to solder) Pure nickel sheet (spot-welded firmly) 05) Plugs 06) Protection components such as temperature control switches, overcurrent protectors, current limiting resistors 07) Carton, paper box 08) Plastic shell

01) Beautiful, brand 02) The battery voltage is limited. To obtain a higher voltage, it must connect multiple batteries in series. 03) Protect the battery, prevent short circuits, and prolong battery life 04) Size limitation 05) Easy to transport 06) Design of special functions, such as waterproof, unique appearance design, etc.

It mainly includes voltage, internal resistance, capacity, energy density, internal pressure, self-discharge rate, cycle life, sealing performance, safety performance, storage performance, appearance, etc. There are also overcharge, over-discharge, and corrosion resistance.

01) Cycle life 02) Different rate discharge characteristics 03) Discharge characteristics at different temperatures 04) Charging characteristics 05) Self-discharge characteristics 06) Storage characteristics 07) Over-discharge characteristics 08) Internal resistance characteristics at different temperatures 09) Temperature cycle test 10) Drop test 11) Vibration test 12) Capacity test 13) Internal resistance test 14) GMS test 15) High and low-temperature impact test 16) Mechanical shock test 17) High temperature and high humidity test

01) Short circuit test 02) Overcharge and over-discharge test 03) Withstand voltage test 04) Impact test 05) Vibration test 06) Heating test 07) Fire test 09) Variable temperature cycle test 10) Trickle charge test 11) Free drop test 12) low air pressure test 13) Forced discharge test 15) Electric heating plate test 17) Thermal shock test 19) Acupuncture test 20) Squeeze test 21) Heavy object impact test

Charging method of Ni-MH battery: 01) Constant current charging: the charging current is a specific value in the whole charging process; this method is the most common; 02) Constant voltage charging: During the charging process, both ends of the charging power supply maintain a constant value, and the current in the circuit gradually decreases as the battery voltage increases; 03) Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero. Lithium battery charging method: Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero.

The IEC international standard stipulates that the standard charging and discharging of nickel-metal hydride batteries is: first discharge the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V/piece, then charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, leave it for 1 hour, and put it at 0.2C to 1.0V/piece, that is To charge and discharge the battery standard.

Pulse charging generally uses charging and discharging, setting for 5 seconds and then releasing for 1 second. It will reduce most of the oxygen generated during the charging process to electrolytes under the discharge pulse. Not only does it limit the amount of internal electrolyte vaporization, but those old batteries that have been heavily polarized will gradually recover or approach the original capacity after 5-10 times of charging and discharging using this charging method.

Trickle charging is used to make up for the capacity loss caused by the battery's self-discharge after it is fully charged. Generally, pulse current charging is used to achieve the above purpose.

Charging efficiency refers to a measure of the degree to which the electrical energy consumed by the battery during the charging process is converted into the chemical energy that the battery can store. It is mainly affected by the battery technology and the working environment temperature of the storm—generally, the higher the ambient temperature, the lower the charging efficiency.

Discharge efficiency refers to the actual power discharged to the terminal voltage under certain discharge conditions to the rated capacity. It is mainly affected by the discharge rate, ambient temperature, internal resistance, and other factors. Generally, the higher the discharge rate, the higher the discharge rate. The lower the discharge efficiency. The lower the temperature, the lower the discharge efficiency.

The output power of a battery refers to the ability to output energy per unit time. It is calculated based on the discharge current I and the discharge voltage, P=U*I, the unit is watts. The lower the internal resistance of the battery, the higher the output power. The internal resistance of the battery should be less than the internal resistance of the electrical appliance. Otherwise, the battery itself consumes more power than the electrical appliance, which is uneconomical and may damage the battery.

Self-discharge is also called charge retention capability, which refers to the retention capability of the battery's stored power under certain environmental conditions in an open circuit state. Generally speaking, self-discharge is mainly affected by manufacturing processes, materials, and storage conditions. Self-discharge is one of the main parameters to measure battery performance. Generally speaking, the lower the storage temperature of the battery, the lower the self-discharge rate, but it should also note that the temperature is too low or too high, which may damage the battery and become unusable. After the battery is fully charged and left open for some time, a certain degree of self-discharge is average. The IEC standard stipulates that after fully charged, Ni-MH batteries should be left open for 28 days at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%, and the 0.2C discharge capacity will reach 60% of the initial total.

The self-discharge test of lithium battery is: Generally, 24-hour self-discharge is used to test its charge retention capacity quickly. The battery is discharged at 0.2C to 3.0V, constant current. Constant voltage is charged to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, after 15 minutes of storage, discharge at 1C to 3.0 V test its discharge capacity C1, then set the battery with constant current and constant voltage 1C to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, and measure 1C capacity C2 after being left for 24 hours. C2/C1*100% should be more significant than 99%.

The internal resistance in the charged state refers to the internal resistance when the battery is 100% fully charged; the internal resistance in the discharged state refers to the internal resistance after the battery is fully discharged. Generally speaking, the internal resistance in the discharged state is not stable and is too large. The internal resistance in the charged state is more minor, and the resistance value is relatively stable. During the battery's use, only the charged state's internal resistance is of practical significance. In the later period of the battery's help, due to the exhaustion of the electrolyte and the reduction of the activity of internal chemical substances, the battery's internal resistance will increase to varying degrees.

The static internal resistance is the battery's internal resistance during discharging, and the dynamic internal resistance is the battery's internal resistance during charging.

The IEC stipulates that the standard overcharge test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: Discharge the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V/piece, and charge it continuously at 0.1C for 48 hours. The battery should have no deformation or leakage. After overcharge, the discharge time from 0.2C to 1.0V should be more than 5 hours.

IEC stipulates that the standard cycle life test of nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After the battery is placed at 0.2C to 1.0V/pc 01) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, then discharge at 0.2C for 2 hours and 30 minutes (one cycle) 02) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and discharge at 0.25C for 2 hours and 20 minutes (2-48 cycles) 03) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and release to 1.0V at 0.25C (49th cycle) 04) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, put it aside for 1 hour, discharge at 0.2C to 1.0V (50th cycle). For nickel-metal hydride batteries, after repeating 400 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more significant than 3 hours; for nickel-cadmium batteries, repeating a total of 500 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more critical than 3 hours.

Refers to the internal air pressure of the battery, which is caused by the gas generated during the charging and discharging of the sealed battery and is mainly affected by battery materials, manufacturing processes, and battery structure. The main reason for this is that the gas generated by the decomposition of moisture and organic solution inside the battery accumulates. Generally, the internal pressure of the battery is maintained at an average level. In the case of overcharge or over-discharge, the internal pressure of the battery may increase: For example, overcharge, positive electrode: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ① The generated oxygen reacts with the hydrogen precipitated on the negative electrode to produce water 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ② If the speed of reaction ② is lower than that of reaction ①, the oxygen generated will not be consumed in time, which will cause the internal pressure of the battery to rise.

IEC stipulates that the standard charge retention test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After putting the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, store it at 20℃±5℃ and humidity of 65%±20%, keep it for 28 days, then discharge it to 1.0V at 0.2C, and Ni-MH batteries should be more than 3 hours. The national standard stipulates that the standard charge retention test for lithium batteries is: (IEC has no relevant standards) the battery is placed at 0.2C to 3.0/piece, and then charged to 4.2V at a constant current and voltage of 1C, with a cut-off wind of 10mA and a temperature of 20 After storing for 28 days at ℃±5℃, discharge it to 2.75V at 0.2C and calculate the discharge capacity. Compared with the battery's nominal capacity, it should be no less than 85% of the initial total.

Use a wire with internal resistance ≤100mΩ to connect a fully charged battery's positive and negative poles in an explosion-proof box to short-circuit the positive and negative poles. The battery should not explode or catch fire.

The high temperature and humidity test of Ni-MH battery are: After the battery is fully charged, store it under constant temperature and humidity conditions for several days, and observe no leakage during storage. The high temperature and high humidity test of lithium battery is: (national standard) Charge the battery with 1C constant current and constant voltage to 4.2V, cut-off current of 10mA, and then put it in a continuous temperature and humidity box at (40±2)℃ and relative humidity of 90%-95% for 48h, then take out the battery in (20 Leave it at ±5)℃ for two h. Observe that the appearance of the battery should be standard. Then discharge to 2.75V at a constant current of 1C, and then perform 1C charging and 1C discharge cycles at (20±5)℃ until the discharge capacity Not less than 85% of the initial total, but the number of cycles is not more than three times.

After the battery is fully charged, put it into the oven and heat up from room temperature at a rate of 5°C/min.After the battery is fully charged, put it into the oven and heat up from room temperature at a rate of 5°C/min. When the oven temperature reaches 130°C, keep it for 30 minutes. The battery should not explode or catch fire. When the oven temperature reaches 130°C, keep it for 30 minutes. The battery should not explode or catch fire.

The temperature cycle experiment contains 27 cycles, and each process consists of the following steps: 01) The battery is changed from average temperature to 66±3℃, placed for 1 hour under the condition of 15±5%, 02) Switch to a temperature of 33±3°C and humidity of 90±5°C for 1 hour, 03) The condition is changed to -40±3℃ and placed for 1 hour 04) Put the battery at 25℃ for 0.5 hours These four steps complete a cycle. After 27 cycles of experiments, the battery should have no leakage, alkali climbing, rust, or other abnormal conditions.

After the battery or battery pack is fully charged, it is dropped from a height of 1m to the concrete (or cement) ground three times to obtain shocks in random directions.

The vibration test method of Ni-MH battery is: After discharging the battery to 1.0V at 0.2C, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, and then vibrate under the following conditions after being left for 24 hours: Amplitude: 0.8mm Make the battery vibrate between 10HZ-55HZ, increasing or decreasing at a vibration rate of 1HZ every minute. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ. (Vibration time is 90min) The lithium battery vibration test method is: After the battery is discharged to 3.0V at 0.2C, it is charged to 4.2V with constant current and constant voltage at 1C, and the cut-off current is 10mA. After being left for 24 hours, it will vibrate under the following conditions: The vibration experiment is carried out with the vibration frequency from 10 Hz to 60 Hz to 10 Hz in 5 minutes, and the amplitude is 0.06 inches. The battery vibrates in three-axis directions, and each axis shakes for half an hour. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ.

After the battery is fully charged, place a hard rod horizontally and drop a 20-pound object from a certain height on the hard rod. The battery should not explode or catch fire.

After the battery is fully charged, pass a nail of a specific diameter through the storm's center and leave the pin in the battery. The battery should not explode or catch fire.

Place the fully charged battery on a heating device with a unique protective cover for fire, and no debris will pass through the protective cover.

It has passed the ISO9001:2000 quality system certification and ISO14001:2004 environmental protection system certification; the product has obtained the EU CE certification and North America UL certification, passed the SGS environmental protection test, and has obtained the patent license of Ovonic; at the same time, PICC has approved the company's products in the world Scope underwriting.

The Ready-to-use battery is a new type of Ni-MH battery with a high charge retention rate launched by the company. It is a storage-resistant battery with the dual performance of a primary and secondary battery and can replace the primary battery. That is to say, the battery can be recycled and has a higher remaining power after storage for the same time as ordinary secondary Ni-MH batteries.

Compared with similar products, this product has the following remarkable features: 01) Smaller self-discharge; 02) Longer storage time; 03) Over-discharge resistance; 04) Long cycle life; 05) Especially when the battery voltage is lower than 1.0V, it has a good capacity recovery function; More importantly, this type of battery has a charge retention rate of up to 75% when stored in an environment of 25°C for one year, so this battery is the ideal product to replace disposable batteries.

01) Please read the battery manual carefully before use; 02) The electrical and battery contacts should be clean, wiped clean with a damp cloth if necessary, and installed according to the polarity mark after drying; 03) Do not mix old and new batteries, and different types of batteries of the same model can not be combined so as not to reduce the efficiency of use; 04) The disposable battery cannot be regenerated by heating or charging; 05) Do not short-circuit the battery; 06) Do not disassemble and heat the battery or throw the battery into the water; 07) When electrical appliances are not in use for a long time, it should remove the battery, and it should turn the switch off after use; 08) Do not discard waste batteries randomly, and separate them from other garbage as much as possible to avoid polluting the environment; 09) When there is no adult supervision, do not allow children to replace the battery. Small batteries should be placed out of the reach of children; 10) it should store the battery in a cool, dry place without direct sunlight.

At present, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are widely used in various portable electrical equipment (such as notebook computers, cameras, and mobile phones). Each rechargeable battery has its unique chemical properties. The main difference between nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries is that the energy density of nickel-metal hydride batteries is relatively high. Compared with batteries of the same type, the capacity of Ni-MH batteries is twice that of Ni-Cd batteries. This means that the use of nickel-metal hydride batteries can significantly extend the working time of the equipment when no additional weight is added to the electrical equipment. Another advantage of nickel-metal hydride batteries is that they significantly reduce the "memory effect" problem in cadmium batteries to use nickel-metal hydride batteries more conveniently. Ni-MH batteries are more environmentally friendly than Ni-Cd batteries because there are no toxic heavy metal elements inside. Li-ion has also quickly become a common power source for portable devices. Li-ion can provide the same energy as Ni-MH batteries but can reduce weight by about 35%, suitable for electrical equipment such as cameras and laptops. It is crucial. Li-ion has no "memory effect," The advantages of no toxic substances are also essential factors that make it a common power source. It will significantly reduce the discharge efficiency of Ni-MH batteries at low temperatures. Generally, the charging efficiency will increase with the increase of temperature. However, when the temperature rises above 45°C, the performance of rechargeable battery materials at high temperatures will degrade, and it will significantly shorten the battery's cycle life.

Rate discharge refers to the rate relationship between the discharge current (A) and the rated capacity (A•h) during combustion. Hourly rate discharge refers to the hours required to discharge the rated capacity at a specific output current.

Since the battery in a digital camera has a low temperature, the active material activity is significantly reduced, which may not provide the camera's standard operating current, so outdoor shooting in areas with low temperature, especially. Pay attention to the warmth of the camera or battery.

Charge -10—45℃ Discharge -30—55℃

If you mix new and old batteries with different capacities or use them together, there may be leakage, zero voltage, etc. This is due to the difference in power during the charging process, which causes some batteries to be overcharged during charging. Some batteries are not fully charged and have capacity during discharge. The high battery is not fully discharged, and the low capacity battery is over-discharged. In such a vicious circle, the battery is damaged, and leaks or has a low (zero) voltage.

Connecting the outer two ends of the battery to any conductor will cause an external short circuit. The short course may bring about severe consequences for different battery types, such as electrolyte temperature rises, internal air pressure increases, etc. If the air pressure exceeds the withstand voltage of the battery cap, the battery will leak. This situation severely damages the battery. If the safety valve fails, it may even cause an explosion. Therefore, do not short-circuit the battery externally.

01) Charging: When choosing a charger, it is best to use a charger with correct charging termination devices (such as anti-overcharge time devices, negative voltage difference (-V) cut-off charging, and anti-overheating induction devices) to avoid shortening the battery life due to overcharging. Generally speaking, slow charging can prolong the service life of the battery better than fast charging. 02) Discharge: a. The depth of discharge is the main factor affecting battery life. The higher the depth of release, the shorter the battery life. In other words, as long as the depth of discharge is reduced, it can significantly extend the battery's service life. Therefore, we should avoid over-discharging the battery to a very low voltage. b. When the battery is discharged at a high temperature, it will shorten its service life. c. If the designed electronic equipment cannot completely stop all current, if the equipment is left unused for a long time without taking out the battery, the residual current will sometimes cause the battery to be excessively consumed, causing the storm to over-discharge. d. When using batteries with different capacities, chemical structures, or different charge levels, as well as batteries of various old and new types, the batteries will discharge too much and even cause reverse polarity charging. 03) Storage: If the battery is stored at a high temperature for a long time, it will attenuate its electrode activity and shorten its service life.

If it will not use the electrical appliance for an extended period, it is best to remove the battery and put it in a low-temperature, dry place. If not, even if the electrical appliance is turned off, the system will still make the battery have a low current output, which will shorten The service life of the storm.

According to the IEC standard, it should store the battery at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%. Generally speaking, the higher the storage temperature of the storm, the lower the remaining rate of capacity, and vice versa, the best place to store the battery when the refrigerator temperature is 0℃-10℃, especially for primary batteries. Even if the secondary battery loses its capacity after storage, it can be recovered as long as it is recharged and discharged several times. In theory, there is always energy loss when the battery is stored. The inherent electrochemical structure of the battery determines that the battery capacity is inevitably lost, mainly due to self-discharge. Usually, the self-discharge size is related to the solubility of the positive electrode material in the electrolyte and its instability (accessible to self-decompose) after being heated. The self-discharge of rechargeable batteries is much higher than that of primary batteries. If you want to store the battery for a long time, it is best to put it in a dry and low-temperature environment and keep the remaining battery power at about 40%. Of course, it is best to take out the battery once a month to ensure the excellent storage condition of the storm, but not to completely drain the battery and damage the battery.

A battery that is internationally prescribed as a standard for measuring potential (potential). It was invented by American electrical engineer E. Weston in 1892, so it is also called Weston battery. The positive electrode of the standard battery is the mercury sulfate electrode, the negative electrode is cadmium amalgam metal (containing 10% or 12.5% cadmium), and the electrolyte is acidic, saturated cadmium sulfate aqueous solution, which is saturated cadmium sulfate and mercurous sulfate aqueous solution.

01) External short circuit or overcharge or reverse charge of the battery (forced over-discharge); 02) The battery is continuously overcharged by high-rate and high-current, which causes the battery core to expand, and the positive and negative electrodes are directly contacted and short-circuited; 03) The battery is short-circuited or slightly short-circuited. For example, improper placement of the positive and negative poles causes the pole piece to contact the short circuit, positive electrode contact, etc.

01) Whether a single battery has zero voltage; 02) The plug is short-circuited or disconnected, and the connection to the plug is not good; 03) Desoldering and virtual welding of lead wire and battery; 04) The internal connection of the battery is incorrect, and the connection sheet and the battery are leaked, soldered, and unsoldered, etc.; 05) The electronic components inside the battery are incorrectly connected and damaged.

To prevent the battery from being overcharged, it is necessary to control the charging endpoint. When the battery is complete, there will be some unique information that it can use to judge whether the charging has reached the endpoint. Generally, there are the following six methods to prevent the battery from being overcharged: 01) Peak voltage control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak voltage of the battery; 02) dT/DT control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak temperature change rate of the battery; 03) △T control: When the battery is fully charged, the difference between the temperature and the ambient temperature will reach the maximum; 04) -△V control: When the battery is fully charged and reaches a peak voltage, the voltage will drop by a particular value; 05) Timing control: control the endpoint of charging by setting a specific charging time, generally set the time required to charge 130% of the nominal capacity to handle;

01) Zero-voltage battery or zero-voltage battery in the battery pack; 02) The battery pack is disconnected, the internal electronic components and the protection circuit is abnormal; 03) The charging equipment is faulty, and there is no output current; 04) External factors cause the charging efficiency to be too low (such as extremely low or extremely high temperature).